As armed conflict flares up at the edges of Europe, the commemoration of the Second World War is used to prepare people for renewed conflict. In Azerbaijan, the recent expulsion of Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh is presented as a national success. And in Russia, with much flag-waving, bombastic language and tank parades, the invasion of Ukraine is equated with the victory over fascism in 1945. Meanwhile, the Polish army displays its latest acquisitions, and the residents of Kyiv—between air-raid sirens—view the destroyed tanks that their own army has captured from the Russians. It’s only in Berlin that the public pays little attention to the Soviet memorial in Tiergarten Park, close to the once-defeated Reichstag, and dances as if there’s no tomorrow at an open-air techno party.

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