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Biography
John Allen Astin (born March 30, 1930) is an American actor who has appeared in numerous films and television series, as well as a television director and voice artist. He is best known for starring as Gomez Addams in The Addams Family (1964–1966), reprising the role in the television film Halloween with the New Addams Family (1977) and the animated series The Addams Family (1992–1993). Notable film projects include West Side Story (1961), That Touch of Mink (1962), Move Over Darling (1963), Freaky Friday (1976), National Lampoon's European Vacation (1985), Teen Wolf Too (1987) and The Frighteners (1996). His second wife was actress Patty Duke and he is the adoptive father of Duke's son, actor Sean Astin.
Astin was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film for his directorial debut, the comedic short Prelude (1968).
Career
Astin started in theater, making his first Broadway appearance as an understudy in Major Barbara, and also did voice-over work for commercials. His first big break in film came with a small role in West Side Story (1961).
During this period, his talent for also playing comedy was spotted by actor Tony Randall, leading to guest starring roles on the sitcom Dennis the Menace, starring Jay North, The Donna Reed Show, and Harrigan and Son, starring Pat O'Brien, the first carried on CBS and the latter two carried on ABC. In 1961, he appeared in the final episode of the ABC police drama The Asphalt Jungle. In 1962–63, Astin starred with Marty Ingels on the unusual ABC sitcom I'm Dickens, He's Fenster, which lasted for thirty-one episodes.
From 1964 to 1966, he starred in the comedic television series The Addams Family as Gomez Addams, the head of the macabre family, based on cartoons created by Charles Addams. He later reprised the role of Gomez in the 1977 made-for-television film Halloween with the New Addams Family and voiced the role of Gomez in the animated series The Addams Family from 1992 to 1993. In the Canadian-American television series The New Addams Family, which ran from 1998 to 1999, Astin appeared as Grandpapa Addams, with the role of Gomez played by Glenn Taranto.
Astin joined the retooled The Pruitts of Southampton (re-titled The Phyllis Diller Show) for the second half of the 1966–67 season, playing Diller's brother-in-law, Angus Pruitt. He also played the Riddler in the second season of Batman (Frank Gorshin returned for the third and final season.) He played submarine commander Matthew Sherman on the 1970s television series Operation Petticoat. He also made several appearances in the first two seasons of the popular mystery series Murder, She Wrote, as scheming real estate developer (and finally Sheriff) Harry Pierce, who ends up as the murderer in his last episode. He had a recurring role on the sitcom Night Court as Buddy, eccentric former mental patient and the father of lead character Harry Stone. Astin played the regular role of Ed LaSalle on the short-lived Mary Tyler Moore sitcom Mary during the 1985–86 television season. He also guest starred on numerous television series, including appearances on Duckman, Homeboys in Outer Space, Jack Palance's ABC circus drama The Greatest Show on Earth, and a 1967 episode of Gunsmoke as Festus Haggen's cousin Henry.
Astin received an Academy Award nomination for Prelude, a short film that he wrote, produced, and directed. He was nominated for an Ace Award for his work on Tales from the Crypt, and received an Emmy Award nomination for the cartoon voice of Gomez on ABC-TV's The Addams Family. He also voiced the character Bull Gator on the animated series Taz-Mania. Astin served for four years on the board of directors of the Writers Guild of America, and has been active in community affairs in Los Angeles and Santa Monica.
He has continued to work in acting, appearing in a string of Killer Tomatoes films as Professor Gangreen and as Professor Wickwire in The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.. In 1996 he featured as The Judge, the ghost of an Old West gunslinger, in Peter Jackson's The Frighteners. He also has toured the one-man play Edgar Allan Poe: Once Upon a Midnight, written by Paul Day Clemens and Ron Magid. In a December 2007 Baltimore Examiner interview, Astin said of his acting experience:
We all struggle, and I had plenty of that, but I've had a great time. I've done hundreds of TV shows and 30 to 40 movies, and I love acting. I'm very happy having done the Poe. That's been really terrific.
Astin serves as a member on the board of directors for the Columbia Center for Theatrical Arts.
Personal Life
Astin has five sons; three (David, Allen and Tom) with his first wife, Suzanne Hahn; two with his second wife, actress Patty Duke – one adopted (Sean, Patty's son from an earlier relationship, whom John adopted during their marriage) and one biological (Mackenzie).
Astin married Valerie Ann Sandobal in 1989 and the couple resides in Baltimore, Maryland.
He practices Nichiren Buddhism as a member of the worldwide Buddhist association Soka Gakkai International.
Movies & TV shows
2016.
1 TV show
TV

Justice League Action
3.5
2016
Batman, Superman and Wonder Woman will lead the DC Super Heroes against their most infamous foes.
2005.
2 Movies

Betaville
2005
An out-of-this-world comedy cast is starring in a futuristic family comedy. At the most exclusive summer camp in the world, the world's leaders send their children to play. They are the sons and daugh...

School of Life
2005
At Fallbrook Middle School, the annual student-elected Teacher of the Year award is held. And every year for the last 43 years Norman Warner or most fondly called Stormin' Norman Warner has won the aw...
2000.
1 TV show
TV

As Told by Ginger
7
2000
As Told by Ginger tells the story of a middle school girl who is trying to become more than a social nerd.
1998.
1 Movie · 3 TV shows
TV

Becker
1998
Becker is a dedicated, outspoken and talented doctor with a tough exterior. He is very dedicated to his medical practice in the Bronx, N.Y., where he always goes the extra mile to help those in need, ...
TV

The Hughleys
1998
The Hughleys is an American sitcom that aired on ABC from September 22, 1998 to April 28, 2000 and on the UPN network from September 11, 2000 to May 20, 2002. It starred comedian D. L. Hughley as the ...
TV

The Wild Thornberrys
6.2
1998
The Wild Thornberrys is an American animated television series that aired on Nickelodeon. It was rerun in the United States on Nickelodeon and occasionally Nicktoons until 2007. The show returned to T...

1997.
1 TV show
TV

Recess
6
1997
Six brave fourth-graders at Third Street School make it their mission to protect the other kids on the playground. Despite the rule of King Bob and his minions, who enforce his unwritten laws, T.J, As...
1996.
1 Movie

The Frighteners
5.33
1996
Once an architect, Frank Bannister now passes himself off as an exorcist of evil spirits. To bolster his facade, he claims his "special" gift is the result of a car accident that killed his wife. But ...
1995.
2 TV shows
TV

Pinky and the Brain
5.38
1995
Pinky and Brain are genetically enhanced laboratory mice that reside in a cage. Brain is scheming and good-natured while Pinky is feeble minded. Brain's plan to take over the world ends in failure due...
TV

The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat
7
1995
The classic 1919 feline character is the subject of an animated series.
1994.
2 Movies · 1 TV show
TV

Duckman
6
1994
Duckman: Private Dick/Family Man is an American animated sitcom that aired from 1994–1997, created by Everett Peck and developed by Peck. The sitcom is based on characters created by Peck in his Dark ...

The Silence of the Hams
1994
The federal agent Joe Dee Foster is currently investigating a serial killer, helped by doctor Animal who is isolated in a maximum security jail.

Huck and the King of Hearts
1994
Taking place in the 1990's, Huck and his card shark friend, Jim, travel from California to Nevada searching for Huck's long-lost grandpa. Along the way, a deceived card player chases the two across th...
1993.
2 TV shows
TV

The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.
6
1993
A tough-as-rawhide cowpoke, debonair ladies' man and Harvard-educated smarty-britches roams from Frisco to Jalisco in pursuit of outlaws who killed his father...and in search of a mysterious orb posse...
TV

Bonkers
1993
Bonkers is an animated American television series that aired from September 4, 1993 to August 24, 1995 in first-run syndication. The syndicated run was available both separately, and as part of The Di...
1992.
1 Movie · 2 TV shows
TV

Mad About You
5.67
1992
Young, urban newlyweds Paul and Jamie Buchman try to sustain their marital bliss while sidestepping the hurdles of love in the '90s.
TV

The Addams Family
5.56
1992
The Addams Family is an American animated series which is based on the comic strip characters.

Killer Tomatoes Eat France!
5.65
1992
After being busted out of jail by his tomatoes, Professor Mortimer Gangrene begins a new plot to take over the world by inserting his hapless lackey Igor into the throne of the King of France.
1991.
1 Movie · 2 TV shows
TV

Eerie Indiana
6
1991
Eerie, Indiana was an American television series that aired on NBC from 1991 to 1992. A total of nineteen episodes were produced, with Joe Dante serving as the creative consultant. The final episode o...
TV

Taz-Mania
7
1991
Taz-Mania is an American cartoon sitcom produced by Warner Bros. Animation from 1991 to 1995, broadcast in the United States on Fox and in Canada on Baton Broadcast System. The show follows the advent...

Killer Tomatoes Strike Back!
5.45
1991
Police assitant Boyle along with tomatologist Kennedi Johnson look into investigations about Killer Tomato attacks, and discover Gangrene plans to brainwash people via TV talk shows to take over the w...
1990.
1 Movie · 2 TV shows
TV

Attack of the Killer Tomatoes
1990
Attack of the Killer Tomatoes is an animated television series based on the movies Attack of the Killer Tomatoes and Return of the Killer Tomatoes. It aired on Fox Kids from September 8, 1990 to Novem...
TV

They Came from Outer Space
1990
They Came from Outer Space is an American science fiction comedy series that aired in syndication from October 1990 to March 1991. The series was created by Tom McLoughlin.

Gremlins 2: The New Batch
6
1990
Young sweethearts Billy and Kate move to the Big Apple, land jobs in a high-tech office park and soon reunite with the friendly and lovable Gizmo. But a series of accidents creates a whole new generat...
1989.
2 Movies · 1 TV show
TV

Tales from the Crypt
6.4
1989
The Crypt Keeper is the host of these fun and frightening ventures based on the classic E.C. Back in the day, there were stories in the comics. Pick up your poison when you shamble up to the bar. Are ...

Night Life
1989
Archie works part-time at his uncle's mortuary and is harassed by a few of the popular kids because of it. His harassers die in an automobile accident, and the bodies are taken to his uncle's mortuary...
1988.
1 Movie

Return of the Killer Tomatoes!
6.53
1988
Professor Gangreen has come up with a way to make tomatoes look like humans.
1987.
1 Movie · 1 TV show
TV

The Charmings
1987
The Charmings is an American fantasy sitcom that aired from March 1987 to February 1988 on ABC. Based on the fairy tale Snow White, it chronicles Snow White and Prince Charming after they are transpor...

Teen Wolf Too
5.17
1987
Todd Howard, an awkward college student who is particularly good at science, is paying for school with an athletic scholarship that he will lose if he does not perform well in a boxing tournament. The...
1986.
3 Movies

Mystery Magical Special
1986
Mystery Magical Special is an American television special aired on Nickelodeon. Advertised as a Halloween-themed program, the special was originally produced in 1986, but continued air, often multiple...

Body Slam
1986
M. Harry Smilac is a down-on-his-luck music manager who is having a hard time attracting talent and booking gigs for his band, Kicks (The most recent of the gigs is a Dairy Queen opening!!). When maki...

Mr. Boogedy
1986
A novelty-salesman moves his family into a new house. Initially dismissing incidents as more of their father's practical jokes, the family soon learns that the house is haunted by people who lived in ...
1985.
1 Movie · 2 TV shows
TV

Otherworld
1985
Otherworld is an American science fiction series that aired for only eight episodes from January 26 to March 16, 1985 on CBS. It was created by Roderick Taylor as a sort of Lost in Space on Earth. Tay...

National Lampoon's European Vacation
5.74
1985
The Griswalds win a vacation to Europe on a game show, and thus pack their bags for the continent. They do their best to catch the flavor of Europe, but they just don't know how to be be good tourists...
TV

Mary
1985
Mary was a sitcom that aired on CBS. Mary Tyler Moore appeared on Broadway in Whose Life Is It Anyway?, as well as in the film Ordinary People, in her return to series television after six years. Afte...
1984.
3 TV shows
TV

Night Court
6
1984
Night Court is an American television situation comedy that aired on NBC from January 4, 1984 to May 31, 1992. The setting was the night shift of a Manhattan court, presided over by the young, unortho...
TV

Murder, She Wrote
7
1984
An unassuming mystery writer turned sleuth uses her professional insight to help solve real-life homicide cases.
TV

Charles in Charge
8
1984
Charles in Charge is an American sitcom series starring Scott Baio as Charles, a 19-year-old student at the fictional Copeland College in New Brunswick, New Jersey, who worked as a live-in babysitter ...
1982.
1 TV show
TV

St. Elsewhere
1982
St. Elsewhere is an American medical drama television series that originally ran on NBC from October 26, 1982 to May 25, 1988. The series starred Ed Flanders, Norman Lloyd and William Daniels as teach...
1981.
2 TV shows
TV

Simon & Simon
6
1981
Simon & Simon is an American detective television series that originally ran from November 24, 1981 to January 21, 1989. The series was broadcast on CBS and starred Gerald McRaney and Jameson Parker a...
TV

Mr. Merlin
1981
Mr. Merlin is an American sitcom that ran for one season, from 1981 to 1982, about Merlin the wizard, who is immortal, living in modern-day San Francisco, and disguised as Max Merlin, a mechanic. Mr. ...
1979.
1 TV show
TV

The Facts of Life
2
1979
The Facts of Life is an American sitcom that originally ran on the NBC television network from August 24, 1979, to May 7, 1988, making it the longest running sitcom of the 1980s. A spin-off of the sit...
1978.
1 TV show
TV

Diff'rent Strokes
6.23
1978
The series stars Gary Coleman and Todd Bridges as Arnold and Willis Jackson, two African American boys from Harlem who are taken in by a rich white Park Avenue businessman named Phillip Drummond and h...
1977.
1 Movie · 3 TV shows
TV

The Love Boat
7.31
1977
The Love Boat is an American television series set on a cruise ship, which aired on the ABC Television Network from September 24, 1977, until May 24, 1986. The show starred Gavin MacLeod as the ship's...
TV

CHiPs
1
1977
Lighthearted look at the adventures of two Highway Patrol officers in Los Angeles. The main characters are Jon Baker and Frank Poncherello, two motorcycle officers always on the street to save lives.
TV

Lanigan's Rabbi
1977
Lanigan's Rabbi is an American crime drama series that aired on NBC during the first half of 1977.

Halloween with the New Addams Family
1977
The original TV Addams Family members prepare for Halloween.
1976.
1 Movie

Freaky Friday
1976
School girl Annabel is hassled by her mother, and Mrs. Andrews is annoyed with her daughter, Annabel. They both think that the other has an easy life. On a normal Friday morning, both complain about e...
1975.
1 Movie · 2 TV shows
TV

The Bob Crane Show
1975
The Bob Crane Show is an American situation comedy that aired on NBC. The series starred Bob Crane as Bob Wilcox, a man in his 40s who quits his job as an insurance salesman to return to medical schoo...
TV

Welcome Back, Kotter
5.86
1975
Welcome Back, Kotter is an American television sitcom starring Gabe Kaplan and featuring a young John Travolta. Videotaped in front of a live studio audience, it originally aired on the ABC network fr...

The Dream Makers
1975
A college president becomes the president of a record company, and finds himself enmeshed in a payola scandal.
1974.
3 Movies · 1 TV show
TV

Police Woman
5.55
1974
Sergeant "Pepper" Anderson, an undercover cop for the Criminal Conspiracy Unit of the Los Angeles Police Department, posed for pictures with prostitutes and mob girls.

The Horror Hall of Fame: A Monster Salute
1974
In this made-for-TV production, Vincent Price and his hunchback sidekick (Billy Van) host a pun-filled salute to the horror film genre from its earliest beginnings all the way up to The Exorcist. Feat...

Only with Married Men
1974
A girl decides that she will only date married men, and she runs into a bachelor who tells women that he is married in order to avoid long-term commitments.

Skyway to Death
1974
The passengers in an aerial tramway are trapped when the tramway breaks down 8,500 feet in the air.
1973.
1 Movie · 1 TV show
TV

Police Story
1973
Police Story is an anthology television crime drama. The show was the brainchild of author and former policeman Joseph Wambaugh and represented a major step forward in the realistic depiction of polic...

Brothers O'Toole
1973
The O'Toole Brothers are Eastern con men, exceptionally good at talking their way out of tight situations. When they ride into Molybdenum, Colorado, not suspecting the riches beneath the streets, they...
1972.
4 Movies · 2 TV shows

Every Little Crook and Nanny
1972
An Englishwoman (Lynn Redgrave) turns nanny and kidnaps the son of an Italian gangster (Victor Mature) who took over her dancing school.
TV

Ghost Story
1972
Ghost Story is an American television anthology series that aired for one season on NBC from 1972 to 1973. Executive-produced by William Castle, Ghost Story initially featured supernatural entities su...
TV

The New Scooby-Doo Movies
5.83
1972
Real-life celebrities or well known fictional characters joined the Mystery, Inc in each episode of The New Scooby-Doo Movies, which differed from its predecessor in the addition of a rotating special...


Evil Roy Slade
1972
When he was left in the desert as an infant, John Astin's character, Evil Roy Slade, grew up alone and mean. He's thrown for a loop when he falls for Betsy Potter, because he's known for being the "me...

Get to Know Your Rabbit
1972
A young businessman goes to a magic expert to learn hardness and skill with his cynical and greedy collaborators. He becomes a very good tap dancer, but will he be able to get free of his old boss?
1971.
2 Movies · 1 TV show
TV

McMillan & Wife
1
1971
McMillan & Wife is a lighthearted American police procedural that aired on NBC from September 17, 1971 to April 24, 1977. Starring Rock Hudson and Susan Saint James in the title roles, the series prem...

Bunny O'Hare
1971
Bette Davis handles the title role in this highly offbeat crime comedy about two aging hippies who elect to rob a bank to restore Bunny O'Hare's financial affairs after she's been unjustly evicted and...

Two on a Bench
1971
Outgoing young girl and a square stockbroker meet on a park bench in Boston, are mistaken for international spies & chased by both sides.
1970.
2 TV shows
TV

The Odd Couple
6
1970
Felix and Oscar are two divorced men. Felix is neat and tidy while Oscar is sloppy and casual. They share a Manhattan apartment, and their different lifestyles inevitably lead to conflicts.
TV

Night Gallery
1970
Rod Serling narrates an anthology of fantasy, horror and sci-fi stories from a set resembling a macabre museum. A chilling work of art serves as the connective link between the stories.
1969.
1 Movie

Viva Max!
1969
In order to prove his greatness to his unimpressed girlfriend, Mexican general Max (Peter Ustinov) takes a group of men across the border and recaptures the Alamo - international hijinks ensue!
1968.
2 Movies

Prelude
1968
A man meets his dream girl. When he can't win her over, he learns to appreciate his reality.

Candy
9
1968
Based on Terry Southern's satirical novel, a send-up of Voltaire's Candide. Young Candy is a high school girl who seeks truth and meaning in life, encountering a variety of kookie characters and humor...
1967.
1 Movie · 2 TV shows
TV

He & She
1967
He & She is an American sitcom that aired on the CBS television network as part of its 1967-1968 lineup, originally sponsored by General Foods and Lever Brothers.
He & She is widely considered to be ...
TV

The Flying Nun
4.67
1967
Young Sister Bertrille uses her ability to become airborne to help others, whether they want it or not. Although her aims are always benevolent, her means are often bemoaned by Mother Superior. The ot...

The Spirit Is Willing
1967
When Ben and Kate Powell (Sid Caesar and Vera Miles) rent a haunted New England house by the sea, their son Steve (Barry Gordon) gets blamed for the destruction caused by three unruly ghosts. Another ...
1966.
4 TV shows
TV

Batman
7
1966
Bruce Wayne and his ward Dick Grayson are actually Batman and Robin. There is a secret Batpole in the Wayne mansion that leads to the Batcave. Racing the scene of the crime in the Batmobile, Batman an...
TV

The Pruitts of Southampton
1966
The Pruitts of Southampton is a situation comedy that aired during the 1966-67 season on the ABC network. The show was based on the novel House Party by Patrick Dennis. It was ABC's futile attempt to ...
TV

Hey, Landlord
1966
Hey, Landlord is an American sitcom that aired on NBC during the 1966-1967 season and is sponsored by P&G on Sunday nights. It was notable for its casting director Fred Roos, who later became a produc...
1965.
1 TV show
TV

The Wild Wild West
5.75
1965
The Wild Wild West is an American television series Developed at a time when the television western was losing ground to the spy genre, this show was conceived by its creator, Michael Garrison, as "J...
1964.
1 TV show
TV

The Addams Family
7
1964
A satirical inversion of the ideal of the perfect American nuclear family, they are an eccentric wealthy family who delight in everything grotesque and macabre, and are never really aware that people ...
1963.
2 Movies · 1 TV show
TV

The Danny Kaye Show
1963
The Danny Kaye Show is an American variety show hosted by Danny Kaye that aired on CBS from 1963 to 1967 on Wednesday nights. Directed by Robert Scheerer, the show premiered in black-and-white, but la...

Move Over, Darling
5.83
1963
Three years into their loving marriage, with two infant daughters at home in Los Angeles, Nicholas Arden and Ellen Wagstaff Arden are on a plane that goes down in the South Pacific. Although most pass...

The Wheeler Dealers
1963
Henry J. Tyroone leaves Texas, where his oil wells are drying up, and arrives in New York with a lot of oil money to play with in the stock market. He meets stock analyst Molly Thatcher, who tries to...
1962.
3 Movies

That Touch of Mink
6.67
1962
A rich businessman and a young woman are attracted to each other, but he only wants an affair and she only wants to save her virginity for marriage.

Billy Rose's Jumbo
1962
The daughter of a circus owner fights to save her father from a takeover spearheaded by the man she loves.

Period of Adjustment
1962
George Haverstick, a Korean war veteran, hastily marries Isabel, whom he met in hospital while he was recovering from a nervous condition. To Isabel's horror, they drive to Florida on their honeymoon ...
1961.
1 Movie · 4 TV shows

West Side Story
3.29
1961
In the slums of the upper West Side of Manhattan, New York, a gang of Polish-American teenagers called the Jets compete with a rival gang of recently immigrated Puerto Ricans, the Sharks, to "own" the...
TV

Hazel
1961
Hazel is an American sitcom about a fictional live-in maid named Hazel Burke and her employers, the Baxters. The five-season, 154-episode series aired in primetime from September 28, 1961 until April ...
TV

Ben Casey
4.75
1961
Ben Casey is an American medical drama series which ran on ABC from 1961 to 1966. The show was known for its opening titles, which consisted of a hand drawing the symbols "♂, ♀, ✳, †, ∞" on a chalkboa...
TV

87th Precinct
1961
87th Precinct is an American crime drama starring Robert Lansing, Gena Rowlands, and Ron Harper, which aired on NBC on Monday evenings during the 1961–1962 television season.
1960.
2 TV shows
TV

Checkmate
1960
Checkmate is an American detective television series starring Anthony George, Sebastian Cabot, and Doug McClure. The show aired on CBS Television from 1960 to 1962 for a total of 70 episodes and was p...
TV

Route 66
1960
Route 66 is an American TV series in which two young men traveled across America in a Chevrolet Corvette sports car. The show was on Fridays on CBS from October 7, 1960 to March 20, 1964. For the firs...
1959.
2 TV shows
TV

The Twilight Zone
5.6
1959
A series of unrelated stories containing drama, psychological thriller, fantasy, science fiction, suspense, and/or horror, often concluding with a gruesome or unexpected twist.
TV

Dennis the Menace
6
1959
This 1959-1963 television situation comedy series follows the lives of the Mitchell family, Henry, Alice, and their only child Dennis, an energetic, trouble-prone, mischievous, but well-meaning boy, w...
1958.
2 TV shows
TV

The Donna Reed Show
6
1958
The Donna Reed Show is an American situation comedy starring Donna Reed as the upper-middle-class housewife Donna Stone. Carl Betz co-stars as her pediatrician husband Dr. Alex Stone, and Shelley Faba...
TV

77 Sunset Strip
1958
77 Sunset Strip is an hour-length American television private detective series created by Roy Huggins and starring Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., Roger Smith, and Edd Byrnes.
The show was the subject of an ow...
1957.
1 TV show
TV

Maverick
5.33
1957
Roy Huggins is the creator of the American Western television series "maverick". The show ran from September 22, 1957 to July 8, 1962 on ABC and starred James Garner as "Bret Maverick," an articulate ...
1955.
1 TV show
TV

Gunsmoke
6
1955
Gunsmoke is an American radio and television Western drama series created by director Norman MacDonnell and writer John Meston. The stories take place in and around Dodge City, Kansas, during the sett...
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This article uses material from the Wikipedia article "John_Astin", which is released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0.